The pallet is the foundation of the logistics industry. The quality of the pallet determines the quality of the logistics handling. China's current pallet testing standards include intermodal universal flat pallets, paper-based flat pallets, disposable pallets, modular plastic pallets, plastic flat pallets, combined plastic-wood pallets, and rail freight steel flat pallets. Among them, the intermodal universal flat pallet test standard has the highest quality requirements for pallets and is a benchmark test standard for measuring pallet quality.
In 2014, the National Standardization Administration Committee conducted two standards on the "Performance Requirements and Test Selection for Intermodal Universal Pallet" (GB/T 4995-1996) and the "Assembly Test Method for Intermodal General Flat Pallet" (GB/T 4996-1996). Revised, replaced by GB/T 4995-2014 and GB/T 4996-2014 (these two standards complement each other and cannot be used separately). Compared with the 1996 version, the 2014 version has a big change in content. This paper explains the content and significance of the standard by comparing the old and new standards, and facilitates the tray manufacturer and the enterprise to select the appropriate test methods and test parameters.
Relationship between GB/T 4995-1996 and GB/T 4995-2014
GB/T 4995-1996 refers to the "General Purpose Transport Flat Pallet Performance Requirements" (ISO/TR 10233:1989), the technical content of which is consistent with it.
GB/T 4995-2014 refers to the "Material Handling Pallet Flat Pallet Part 2: Performance Requirements and Test Selection" (ISO 8611-2:2011), non-equivalent use. The terms and definitions in Chapter 3 of GB/T 4995-2014 refer to our national standards and remove all terms except safety factors. The order of the test chapters has been re-adjusted to be inconsistent with ISO 8611-2:2011, but the content is basically the same. Compared with GB/T 4995-1996, GB/T 4995-2014 mainly made the following modifications in the content.
1. Added content of pre-treatment environmental conditions before performance test
Appendix A of GB/T 4995-1996 is the performance requirement recommended by the pallet test, and GB/T 4995-2014 prepares the pallet performance requirements as Chapter 4 and refers to the official standard clause.
2. Modified performance test project
The test items of GB/T 4995-1996 are divided into three categories (the same for the N and S test items):
The first type of static test, a total of 3 test items: stacking test, bending test, bottom decking
test;
The second type of impact test, a total of three test items: shear test, top deck edge impact test, block impact test;
The third type of test, a total of 1 test project: angular drop test.
The seven types of test items in these three categories are given in Appendix A of GB/T 4995-1996. The specific variable values ​​or calculation formulas are given. The rated load of the pallet is determined by the customer.
GB/T 4995-2014 removes the requirement to classify pallets into N and S grades according to performance, and there is no longer a grading requirement for pallets. The test items of GB/T 4995-2014 are divided into three categories:
The first type of rated load test, a total of 6 test items: bending test, forklift test, block or stringer compression test, stacking test, bottom plate bending test, wing tray bending test;
The second type of maximum working load test, namely payload or airbag loading, a total of 6 test items: bending test, airbag bending test, forklift test, stacking test, bottom plate bending test, wing tray bending test ;
The third type of durability test, a total of seven test items: static shear test, angular drop test, shear impact test, top plate edge impact test, block impact test, static friction coefficient test and sliding angle test.
The above three categories of tests total 14 test items, including bending test, forklift test, block or stringer compression test, stacking test, bottom plate bending test, wing tray bending test are also divided into a strength test And b stiffness test. First, the a-strength test is used to determine the ultimate load of the pallet, and then the force of no more than half of the ultimate load is selected to assess the deflection and unloading deflection of the pallet.
3. Added reference conditions for test project selection
GB/T 4995-2014 adds Chapter 7 to the old standard. The intended use of the pallet is divided into 4 categories:
(1) trays for shelf access and stacking;
(2) trays that are only used for stacking and not for shelf access;
(3) A cargo pallet that is neither used for shelf access nor for stacking;
(4) Cargo trays used in other cases.
Table 1 shows the rated load test items required for different use pallets. The comparison of Chapter 7 of the new edition standard is also described in more detail, which is convenient for the user to select the appropriate test items according to the use requirements of the pallets, which increases the test. The purpose is also to facilitate the user to correctly understand and use the standard.
Table 1 Rated load test items required for different use pallets 4. Added the content of the method of determining the test load
GB/T 4995-1996 does not specify the rated load, generally determined by the user, the commonly used rated load is 1000kg, followed by 500kg. This test method cannot determine the ultimate load of the pallet and it is impossible to determine the safety factor of the pallet.
GB/T 4995-2014 clearly states that there is no specific load value for the strength test. The ultimate load of the pallet is determined by the test, and the limit load of the pallet obtained by different test items is different. In the stiffness test, the rated load shall be 50% or less than the ultimate load. When the deflection reaches the extreme value, the minimum value of the stiffness test load of the pallet involving all the test items shall be the rated load of the pallet model. By this method, the safety factor of the pallet can be at least 2.
Relationship between GB/T 4996-1996 and GB/T 4996-2014
GB/T 4996-1996 refers to the "Universal Intermodal Flat Pallet Test Method" (ISO 8611:1991), which is equivalent in technical content to the international standard, that is, the technical content is basically the same, with only minor differences.
GB/T 4996-2014 was redrafted, referring to the "Material Handling Pallet Flat Pallet Part 1: Test Method" (ISO 8611-1:2011), and deleted some annotations and noun explanations, and changed the reference standard to the corresponding country. standard. Compared with GB/T 4996-1996, GB/T 4996-2014 mainly made the following modifications in the content.
1. Modified the grouping method of the test method
GB/T 4996-2014 Chapter 7 Test item list details each test item, as well as the test part, loading operation or test purpose and corresponding test method section corresponding to the test item. After determining the test items of the pallet according to Chapter 7 of GB/T 4995-2014, the corresponding test method can be selected from the standard.
2. Modified the contents of the "stacking test"
GB/T 4996-2014 changed the “stacking test†of GB/T 4996-1996 to “pad or stringer compression test†and added a new “stacking testâ€.
3. Added items such as the forklift test
The forklift test, the block or stringer compression test, the airbag bending test, the static shear test, the static friction coefficient test and the sliding angle test are added to further improve the hazard factors that the pallet may face during actual use, and There are no performance requirements for the 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 tests. It is necessary to determine the performance requirements after the standard has accumulated a certain amount of test data.
4. Modified the test load and other content
The test load, test time, loading equipment structure size and placement position, deflection and deformation measurement and evaluation, and the number of tests were modified. Due to changes in the test principle and the increase in multiple tests, this is described in detail in the test chapter of Chapter 8 of GB/T 4996-2014.
5. Removed the selection of pretreatment environment test
The content of the pre-processing environment test selected in the old standard was deleted, and the content was added to Chapter 5 of GB/T 4995-2014.
Advantages of GB/T 4995-2014 and GB/T 4996-2014
1. Advantages of GB/T 4995-2014
(1) GB/T 4995-2014 uniformly stipulates the test requirements for intermodal universal flat pallets, and no longer divides them into N and S grades according to performance requirements, which is more in line with the requirements of intermodal transport.
(2) The purpose of the intermodal universal flat pallet and the corresponding test items are clarified, and the test is combined with the actual use, so that the purpose of the test is more clear.
(3) The performance requirements of the intermodal general flat pallets are a simple and clear list of the test items and corresponding loading operations or test objectives, test load levels, performance limits and the terms of the GB/T 4995-2014 test method.
In short, the test of GB/T 4995-2014 is more targeted and purposeful, and it is also convenient for users to choose the test method. Although a lot of content has been added, it is easier to understand and use.
2. Advantages of GB/T 4996-2014
(1) GB/T 4996-2014 will test the procedure after the first deformation or deflection measurement in the original standard, and then change the deformation or deflection measurement.
(2) The load loading device gives the specific pattern and size, which is beneficial to processing the load device and avoiding ambiguity.
(3) The operation content of the test procedure in GB/T 4996-2014 is described in more detail, adding a lot of attention to the details of the operation process, and the test operation is more specific. Avoid misunderstanding of the test procedure due to a brief description.
"Intermodal General Flat Pallet Performance Requirements and Test Selection" and "Intermodal General Flat Pallet Test Method" are the preferred pallet test standards for pallet manufacturers and users in China. Both standards adopt or refer to the technical content of ISO international standards. It is easy to avoid trade barriers in international cooperation. GB/T 4995-2014 and GB/T 4996-2014 in the test methods, test procedures, sample selection, test performance requirements and ISO 8611 2011 version of the requirements are basically consistent, can effectively ensure the quality of logistics pallets and international Require quality consistency.
The above content is reproduced in the "Printing Technology" official WeChat (Printech1957), authorized by the company to publish, copyright, piracy will be investigated!
Scan the QR code to follow the official "WeChat" printing technology These cotton oval placemats are excellent for protecting your table from stains and scratches , extending the life of your table . Our cotton round placemats are the perfect item to decorate your table for any occasion : holiday entertaining , parties , gatherings , birthdays , special occasions , everyday meals and more . And our Round cotton placemats are easy ways to add color and cheer to your home .
Round Cotton Placemats,Crochet Round Placemats,Crochet Round Placemat Pattern,Easy Round Crochet Placemat Pattern
Shandong Guyi Crafts Co.,Ltd , https://www.guyicrafts.com