Biodestructive plastics Biodamaged plastics are generally considered to be starch-based, aliphatic polyester-based, and natural-mineral-based. The three major types of starch-based bio-destructive starch-based bio-destructive plastics are also classified as physically modified starches and chemically modified. Starch series two. Physically Modified Starch: Starch is physically treated to increase its compatibility with plastic resins. If the corn flour is treated with silane, the compatibility with polyethylene can be improved, and then an unsaturated oil oxidant (corn oil) is added, and the mixture is fully stirred and dried to make the water content below 12%, ie, the starch content is obtained. For 40-60% of the masterbatch, add it to low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene or high-density polyethylene, etc., to produce destructible plastic. After contact with the soil after use, micro-environment will consume it. The starch portion of the starch leaves a porous structure, and corn oil reacts with the metal education industry to form peroxides that break up the residue into small pieces. MATERBI's composition is more than 60% of agricultural raw materials (most of which are cereal starches), less than 40% is poly-all material, non-toxic, hydrophilic but insoluble, with similar mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene. And can be processed using traditional thermoplastic process molding. PE9321 is a blend of low density polyethylene and starch that degrades in soil and water and can be used as a food packaging material and container. In addition, disrupted plastics in which starch is blended with polypropylene have also been developed. Chemically Modified Starch: Currently the most commonly used modified starch in the production of polyethylene biodestructive films is a starch/ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer. The modified lake is blended with polyethylene and starch and can be used to make garbage bags and food sacks. The best formula is 40% corn flour, 30% polyethylene and 30% modified starch. It is expected that within 5 years, this film will account for 20% of all polyethylene films. U.S. PURDUE University developed a graft copolymer of starch and styrene, which can be used as a compatibilizer to make starch and polyphenylene hexene blend well. The blend containing 20-30% of starch has similar polystyrene-like properties. Performance but susceptible to damage by microorganisms. In addition, if a copolymer of maleic anhydride modified starch and polystyrene is used, starch and polystyrene can be well mixed, and a plastic with good biodestructive and chemical degradability can be obtained. It has also been used to blend pre-treated starch with ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), and a biodestructive film can be obtained with the addition of 1-5% carbonic acid adjuvant. Although starch-based plastics are degradable, bacteria and other microorganisms can be introduced to harm human health. And its degradation products can contaminate water sources. In addition, its synthesis method is complex and difficult to process, and generally it decomposes before it is heated to the melting temperature of the plastic, thus limiting its expansion.
The addition of 30-70 parts by weight of talc or calcium carbonate to natural mineral-based bio-destructive plastics such as polycaprolactone can produce "environmentally harmonized plastics," particularly in the case of calcium carbonate. The organic acids produced after the decomposition of polycaprolactone, as well as organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, and butyric acid, and acid rain, are suitable for use as sheets and pots for Guilin. Therefore, this material has both biological and chemical destruction capabilities.
Photodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are virtually ultraviolet-degradable plastics in visible light. Research and development began in the 1970s. Most of the degradable plastics used today are photodegradable plastics. Its main manufacturing methods and applications are as follows:
Homopolymer of Photodegradable Monomer The photodegradable monomer refers to a monomer having a photosensitizing group as a photosensitizing group: -N=N-, -CH=N-, -CH=CH-,- C=C-, -NH-NH-, -S-, -NH-, -O-, >C=O and other groups, such as thermoplastic 1.2-polybutadiene synthesized with 1.2-butadiene can produce light The degradable plastic film not only has various properties of the plastic film, but also easily degrades in the light, and if different photosensitizers are added, the degradation time can be adjusted. In addition, the addition of 20% of this 1.2-polybutadiene to polyethylene also produces a plastic film that degrades within two months. Furthermore, polyisoprene and polyisobutylene oxide are also obtained as photodegradable products by chemical synthesis, and the products obtained by blending with polyethylene also have photodegradability. In addition, photolysis plastics such as polyvinyl phenyl ketone and polyvinyl ketone have been synthesized.
Copolymers of photodegradable monomers and other monomers as copolymers of photodegradable monomers and other monomers such as carbonyl-containing polyethylene, polypropylene, which have been synthesized by copolymerizing carbon monoxide or vinyl ketones with corresponding other monomers, Photodegradable plastics such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, amide, etc., can be used not only alone, but also can be blended with the same resin in a masterbatch manner to produce a variety of optical limit solutions. Plastics can also control the end product degradation time by changing the blending ratio. Copolymerized polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or polyvinyl chloride having a carbon monoxide content of about 1% has been used for the production of a plastic film, and the resulting plastic film is not degraded in stock, but is degraded under direct sunlight. Another example is Canada's ECOPLASTICS, which uses an olefin monomer and vinyl ketone to produce a masterbatch called ECOLYTE, and blends with similar resins to produce a variety of photodegradable products. Its products include coffee cups, beef patties and meat. Dish, nursery with brown mulch and so on.
Blends of photodegradable plastics and other polymers Photodegradable plastics blended with other polymers is a simple and adaptable method. For example, 1.2-polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, and the like can be blended with polyethylene. The above-mentioned ECOLYTE is blended with the same resin.
Each photo-degradable plastic light made by adding a photosensitizer is a kind of substance that easily absorbs light energy, and generates free radicals in the non-photodegradable plastic, thereby accelerating the photodegradation process of the plastic. This method has the advantages of simple process and low cost. Therefore, photodegradable plastics produced by this method account for most of the photodegradable plastics. Photosensitizers include inorganic and organic compounds.
Inorganic photosensitizers The inorganic photosensitizers for operation mainly include hydroxy salts, oxides, complexes, and complexes of transition metal ions such as copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, or ruthenium. Such as iron thiocarbamate, iron acetylacetonate, ferrocene and its derivatives, cesium octylate, barium stearate, and other stearates, as well as metal ions such as iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, ruthenium, and cobalt. Compound and so on. In addition, commonly used inorganic fillers such as calcium carbonate can reduce the interaction between plastic molecules and also promote photodegradation. Such as China's use of polyethylene in the heavy calcium carbonate, UV absorbers and a small amount of surfactant can be made in the 1-4 days degradation of the plastic film, its decomposition can promote crop growth. The above-mentioned transition metal ion compounds such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and ruthenium are the most widely used and most important photosensitizers, and are particularly suitable for use in polyolefin photodegradable products. In addition, iron disulfide and dibutyl disulfide carbamate have been commercially produced in foreign countries and iron dibutyl dithiocarbamate has been introduced as a light enhancer and nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate or Cobalt as a stabilizer for photodegradation of polyolefins. CABOT Plastics' PE 9323 masterbatch is an organometallic mixture that can continue to degrade even in the absence of light. POLYGRADE is a mixture of starch masterbatch and ferric ion masterbatch.
Organic photosensitizers as organic photosensitizers mainly include aromatic ketones such as benzophenone, acetophenone, hexachloroacetone, anthraquinone, naphthalene and triphenylamine, and various organic peroxides. Such photosensitizers have different selectivities to plastics, such as benzophenone and N-bromosuccinamide, which are effective for polyethylene and polypropylene, and have poor effects on polystyrene.
The modified photo-degradable plastics are suitably modified for non-photodegradable plastics and can also provide light-descent capability. If the polyethylene film is irradiated with an electron accelerator in the presence of oxygen, the solid energy introduces an oxygen group in the polyethylene film and has a photodegradability, and if a small amount of paraffin or oleic acid is added to the polyethylene, the polyethylene can be made. Degraded faster under UV irradiation. For another example, a small amount of low-molecular-weight polyethylene and a film that degrades within 2 to 2.5 months are added to the recycled polyethylene.
Bio-biodegradable plastics Bio-photo-degradation is both a micro-organism and a photo-degradable plastic. So far there are few, such as starch / polyolefin / photosensitizer, starch / low density polyethylene / photosensitizer, starch master batch / Yan ion photosensitizer and other components prepared by a variety of products. In summary, the following research and development profile can be obtained as shown in Table 2 below: Table 2. Overview of Research and Development of Degradable Plastics Category Category Product Name and Development Unit Biodegradable Plastics Biodegradable Microbial Synthetic Polymer 3HB-3HV Copolymer 3HB- 4HB Copolymer BIOPOL (ICI) (Research Institute of Resource Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology) (The Japan Forest Research Institute)
Natural polymer polysaccharides (U.S. Army NATICH Institute)
Chemical Synthesis Polymeric Polycaprolactone Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Polyvinyl Alcohol (α-Amino Acetyl Acrylate) Acrylic Acid Copolymer Poly (Lactide) Poly (Vinyl Butyrate) Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Copolymer Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Copolymers (Polyesters) TONE (UCC) (Japan Institute of Technology, U.S. ECOCHEM) VINEX (U.S. Gas Products and Chemicals Corporation) (UCC) (Switzerland BELLAND Corporation) (CARGILL Corporation) (PURDUE University) (Japan Osaka Industrial Technology Testing Institute) (Japan Industrial Technology and Microbial Industrial Technology Research Institute)
Biodestructive starch blends Polyethylene/starch (60%) Polyethylene/starch (>60%) PE/starch/unsaturated fatty acids Polyethylene/ester/esterified starch Polyethylene/starch (60%)
POLGLEAN (ADM Corporation) ECOSTAR (ST-LAWRENE STARCH) NOYON (WARNER-LAMBERT Corporation) (FERRUZZI Corporation) (COLOROLL Corporation) (COLOROLL Corporation) POLYGRADELL (AMPACET Corporation) (De BATTELE Corporation) (PURDUE University) MATER-BI (MONTEDISON )
Aliphatic Polyester Blends Polycaprolactone/Polyethylene Polycaprolactone/Calcium Carbonate Polycaprolactone/Starch (UCC, Nihon Microbiological Industry Research Institute) (Nihon Biotechnology Institute) (Daily Microbiology Industrial Technology Research By
Photodegradable plastics Ethylene-carbon oxide copolymers (ECO) Vinyl ketone copolymers Polyethylene oxide copolymers Elvax (Du Pont, Dow, UCC, Bayer) Ecolyte (Ecoplasties, Guillet) Enviroplastic (PPF)
Add photosensitizers Add photosensitizers POLYGRADE (AMPACET) (France CDF, France POPLYANE, BASF PRINCETON Polymer Experiments, etc.) (G SCOTT) (Russian Institute of Industry) PLASTIGONE (IDEA MASTERS)
Adding Photosensitive Graft Polymer Ecolytell (Ecoplastics, Guillet)
Bio-photodegradable plastic starch / polyolefin / photosensitizer starch / low-density polyethylene / photosensitizer ingredient unknown starch masterbatch / iron ion photosensitizer (Switzerland PIVAG company) (COLURSTYLE) Ecostar Plus (St-Lawrene Starch) Polygrade III (Ampacet)
The use of degradable plastics has increased in the production and application of global degradable plastics. For example, one third of plastic bags and other film products produced in Western Europe in 1992 were made of degradable plastics. Packaging materials, especially plastic packaging materials, are mostly used for packaging, so they are basically discarded after use. If recycling and reuse are not effective, the environment will be severely punished. Therefore, the use of degradable plastics is always a good solution to this problem. Production of food packaging bags, moisture-proof bags, garbage bags, coffee cups, food packaging boxes, dishes, bowls and other containers, all kinds of disposable tableware, cosmetics containers, packing tapes and other packaging supplies. In addition, it can be used as a mulch in agricultural and forestry, nursery packaging materials, leaf and pots for planting, fertilizers or pesticides to slow-release my cysts, surgical sutures, bone cement materials, human tissue defect shimming materials, birth control equipment, and Sex gloves and so on. In the field of daily life, it can be used to make sponges, hygiene products, disposable razors, various utensils, containers, utensils, and various recreational and sports goods. Since degraded plastics are mainly degraded by light and microorganisms, there are widespread problems with the conditions and time limits. I have studied many problems in the reuse of biodegradable plastics.
The addition of 30-70 parts by weight of talc or calcium carbonate to natural mineral-based bio-destructive plastics such as polycaprolactone can produce "environmentally harmonized plastics," particularly in the case of calcium carbonate. The organic acids produced after the decomposition of polycaprolactone, as well as organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, and butyric acid, and acid rain, are suitable for use as sheets and pots for Guilin. Therefore, this material has both biological and chemical destruction capabilities.
Photodegradable plastics Photodegradable plastics are virtually ultraviolet-degradable plastics in visible light. Research and development began in the 1970s. Most of the degradable plastics used today are photodegradable plastics. Its main manufacturing methods and applications are as follows:
Homopolymer of Photodegradable Monomer The photodegradable monomer refers to a monomer having a photosensitizing group as a photosensitizing group: -N=N-, -CH=N-, -CH=CH-,- C=C-, -NH-NH-, -S-, -NH-, -O-, >C=O and other groups, such as thermoplastic 1.2-polybutadiene synthesized with 1.2-butadiene can produce light The degradable plastic film not only has various properties of the plastic film, but also easily degrades in the light, and if different photosensitizers are added, the degradation time can be adjusted. In addition, the addition of 20% of this 1.2-polybutadiene to polyethylene also produces a plastic film that degrades within two months. Furthermore, polyisoprene and polyisobutylene oxide are also obtained as photodegradable products by chemical synthesis, and the products obtained by blending with polyethylene also have photodegradability. In addition, photolysis plastics such as polyvinyl phenyl ketone and polyvinyl ketone have been synthesized.
Copolymers of photodegradable monomers and other monomers as copolymers of photodegradable monomers and other monomers such as carbonyl-containing polyethylene, polypropylene, which have been synthesized by copolymerizing carbon monoxide or vinyl ketones with corresponding other monomers, Photodegradable plastics such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, amide, etc., can be used not only alone, but also can be blended with the same resin in a masterbatch manner to produce a variety of optical limit solutions. Plastics can also control the end product degradation time by changing the blending ratio. Copolymerized polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or polyvinyl chloride having a carbon monoxide content of about 1% has been used for the production of a plastic film, and the resulting plastic film is not degraded in stock, but is degraded under direct sunlight. Another example is Canada's ECOPLASTICS, which uses an olefin monomer and vinyl ketone to produce a masterbatch called ECOLYTE, and blends with similar resins to produce a variety of photodegradable products. Its products include coffee cups, beef patties and meat. Dish, nursery with brown mulch and so on.
Blends of photodegradable plastics and other polymers Photodegradable plastics blended with other polymers is a simple and adaptable method. For example, 1.2-polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, and the like can be blended with polyethylene. The above-mentioned ECOLYTE is blended with the same resin.
Each photo-degradable plastic light made by adding a photosensitizer is a kind of substance that easily absorbs light energy, and generates free radicals in the non-photodegradable plastic, thereby accelerating the photodegradation process of the plastic. This method has the advantages of simple process and low cost. Therefore, photodegradable plastics produced by this method account for most of the photodegradable plastics. Photosensitizers include inorganic and organic compounds.
Inorganic photosensitizers The inorganic photosensitizers for operation mainly include hydroxy salts, oxides, complexes, and complexes of transition metal ions such as copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, or ruthenium. Such as iron thiocarbamate, iron acetylacetonate, ferrocene and its derivatives, cesium octylate, barium stearate, and other stearates, as well as metal ions such as iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, ruthenium, and cobalt. Compound and so on. In addition, commonly used inorganic fillers such as calcium carbonate can reduce the interaction between plastic molecules and also promote photodegradation. Such as China's use of polyethylene in the heavy calcium carbonate, UV absorbers and a small amount of surfactant can be made in the 1-4 days degradation of the plastic film, its decomposition can promote crop growth. The above-mentioned transition metal ion compounds such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and ruthenium are the most widely used and most important photosensitizers, and are particularly suitable for use in polyolefin photodegradable products. In addition, iron disulfide and dibutyl disulfide carbamate have been commercially produced in foreign countries and iron dibutyl dithiocarbamate has been introduced as a light enhancer and nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate or Cobalt as a stabilizer for photodegradation of polyolefins. CABOT Plastics' PE 9323 masterbatch is an organometallic mixture that can continue to degrade even in the absence of light. POLYGRADE is a mixture of starch masterbatch and ferric ion masterbatch.
Organic photosensitizers as organic photosensitizers mainly include aromatic ketones such as benzophenone, acetophenone, hexachloroacetone, anthraquinone, naphthalene and triphenylamine, and various organic peroxides. Such photosensitizers have different selectivities to plastics, such as benzophenone and N-bromosuccinamide, which are effective for polyethylene and polypropylene, and have poor effects on polystyrene.
The modified photo-degradable plastics are suitably modified for non-photodegradable plastics and can also provide light-descent capability. If the polyethylene film is irradiated with an electron accelerator in the presence of oxygen, the solid energy introduces an oxygen group in the polyethylene film and has a photodegradability, and if a small amount of paraffin or oleic acid is added to the polyethylene, the polyethylene can be made. Degraded faster under UV irradiation. For another example, a small amount of low-molecular-weight polyethylene and a film that degrades within 2 to 2.5 months are added to the recycled polyethylene.
Bio-biodegradable plastics Bio-photo-degradation is both a micro-organism and a photo-degradable plastic. So far there are few, such as starch / polyolefin / photosensitizer, starch / low density polyethylene / photosensitizer, starch master batch / Yan ion photosensitizer and other components prepared by a variety of products. In summary, the following research and development profile can be obtained as shown in Table 2 below: Table 2. Overview of Research and Development of Degradable Plastics Category Category Product Name and Development Unit Biodegradable Plastics Biodegradable Microbial Synthetic Polymer 3HB-3HV Copolymer 3HB- 4HB Copolymer BIOPOL (ICI) (Research Institute of Resource Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology) (The Japan Forest Research Institute)
Natural polymer polysaccharides (U.S. Army NATICH Institute)
Chemical Synthesis Polymeric Polycaprolactone Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Polyvinyl Alcohol (α-Amino Acetyl Acrylate) Acrylic Acid Copolymer Poly (Lactide) Poly (Vinyl Butyrate) Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Copolymer Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Copolymers (Polyesters) TONE (UCC) (Japan Institute of Technology, U.S. ECOCHEM) VINEX (U.S. Gas Products and Chemicals Corporation) (UCC) (Switzerland BELLAND Corporation) (CARGILL Corporation) (PURDUE University) (Japan Osaka Industrial Technology Testing Institute) (Japan Industrial Technology and Microbial Industrial Technology Research Institute)
Biodestructive starch blends Polyethylene/starch (60%) Polyethylene/starch (>60%) PE/starch/unsaturated fatty acids Polyethylene/ester/esterified starch Polyethylene/starch (60%)
POLGLEAN (ADM Corporation) ECOSTAR (ST-LAWRENE STARCH) NOYON (WARNER-LAMBERT Corporation) (FERRUZZI Corporation) (COLOROLL Corporation) (COLOROLL Corporation) POLYGRADELL (AMPACET Corporation) (De BATTELE Corporation) (PURDUE University) MATER-BI (MONTEDISON )
Aliphatic Polyester Blends Polycaprolactone/Polyethylene Polycaprolactone/Calcium Carbonate Polycaprolactone/Starch (UCC, Nihon Microbiological Industry Research Institute) (Nihon Biotechnology Institute) (Daily Microbiology Industrial Technology Research By
Photodegradable plastics Ethylene-carbon oxide copolymers (ECO) Vinyl ketone copolymers Polyethylene oxide copolymers Elvax (Du Pont, Dow, UCC, Bayer) Ecolyte (Ecoplasties, Guillet) Enviroplastic (PPF)
Add photosensitizers Add photosensitizers POLYGRADE (AMPACET) (France CDF, France POPLYANE, BASF PRINCETON Polymer Experiments, etc.) (G SCOTT) (Russian Institute of Industry) PLASTIGONE (IDEA MASTERS)
Adding Photosensitive Graft Polymer Ecolytell (Ecoplastics, Guillet)
Bio-photodegradable plastic starch / polyolefin / photosensitizer starch / low-density polyethylene / photosensitizer ingredient unknown starch masterbatch / iron ion photosensitizer (Switzerland PIVAG company) (COLURSTYLE) Ecostar Plus (St-Lawrene Starch) Polygrade III (Ampacet)
The use of degradable plastics has increased in the production and application of global degradable plastics. For example, one third of plastic bags and other film products produced in Western Europe in 1992 were made of degradable plastics. Packaging materials, especially plastic packaging materials, are mostly used for packaging, so they are basically discarded after use. If recycling and reuse are not effective, the environment will be severely punished. Therefore, the use of degradable plastics is always a good solution to this problem. Production of food packaging bags, moisture-proof bags, garbage bags, coffee cups, food packaging boxes, dishes, bowls and other containers, all kinds of disposable tableware, cosmetics containers, packing tapes and other packaging supplies. In addition, it can be used as a mulch in agricultural and forestry, nursery packaging materials, leaf and pots for planting, fertilizers or pesticides to slow-release my cysts, surgical sutures, bone cement materials, human tissue defect shimming materials, birth control equipment, and Sex gloves and so on. In the field of daily life, it can be used to make sponges, hygiene products, disposable razors, various utensils, containers, utensils, and various recreational and sports goods. Since degraded plastics are mainly degraded by light and microorganisms, there are widespread problems with the conditions and time limits. I have studied many problems in the reuse of biodegradable plastics.
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