As a container that is in direct contact with food, packaging should not react with food. In fact, many food packagings have many safety hazards, such as solvent residues and plasticizer migration, which can cause harm to human body and affect consumers' health. . This article will focus on the safety hazards and regulatory status of food packaging.
Food packaging safety hazards
From a system perspective, food packaging can form a complete life cycle through the production, processing, and distribution of raw materials. Every aspect of the food packaging life cycle can pose a threat to food safety.
1. Raw material manufacturing
Plastic is the most widely used packaging material . It is a polymer material formed by polymerization after refining and cracking into various petrochemical basic raw materials (monomers). In this process, it is difficult to prevent the presence of free monomers such as vinyl chloride, styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, etc., most of which are toxic substances. The typical one is polyvinyl chloride. The reason why this substance is banned in Europe, Japan, the United States, Singapore, South Korea, etc. is because the residual vinyl chloride monomer can cause blood vessels to contract in the limbs after being ingested by the human body, resulting in pain. It also forms oxidized vinyl chloride in the liver, which combines with DNA to form a tumor. In addition, melamine tableware (melamine tableware), which is widely used in kitchen utensils and polymerized from melamine and formaldehyde, is also carcinogenic because of residual melamine monomer and formaldehyde monomer due to incomplete polymerization. In summary, the concentration of the monomer, the tightness of the monomer to the polymer, the nature of the monomer in contact with the food, the temperature, the time, and the solubility of the monomer in the food can affect food safety to varying degrees.
2. Processing and forming
(1) The effect of adding plasticizer
In order to meet the storage needs of different foods, plastics usually add various additives to improve their performance during processing. The additives are non-toxic and toxic, and they are also active and stable. Under certain media and temperature conditions, the less stable additive molecules will dissolve out of the plastic molecules and migrate to the food, thereby polluting the food.
Commonly used additives mainly include fillers, plasticizers, antioxidants, stabilizers, colorants, lubricants, etc., among which the migration of plasticizers is the most harmful. Plasticizers enhance the processing plasticity of plastics by weakening the van der Waals forces between polymer molecules and increasing the crystallinity of the polymer molecular chains.
At present, phthalate plasticizers are the most widely used, which can improve the fluidity of plastic molecules in the molding process and enhance the flexibility of plastics, but because of its low cohesion with plastic molecules, Easy to migrate to the contents of the package, long-term accumulation in the human body after oral ingestion will damage the human organs, and will interfere with and change the secretion level of hormones in the human body. Another plasticizer that has a major impact on food safety is BPA (bisphenol A), which is known to the public for its "poisoned bottle" incident. After adding BPA, the transparency and impact resistance of the plastic are obviously improved, but in the high temperature environment, a small amount of BPA will be released from the plastic and released into the food. Studies have shown that BPA has the effect of causing precocious puberty and carcinogenesis.
(2) Effect of solvent residue
With the maturity of plastic packaging processing technology and the improvement of food packaging requirements, a single plastic material can no longer meet the needs of food packaging, enterprises are more inclined to use plastic, aluminum foil and other functional materials composed of composite packaging. However, the biggest safety hazard in this form of packaging is solvent residue. At present, the most common composite film production method in China is the dry composite method, which is formed by coating a layer of adhesive on the surface of various substrates, drying and tackifying through a drying tunnel, and pressing and laminating on a composite roller. The adhesive used in the process is mainly a solvent-based adhesive (ester-soluble polyurethane adhesive), which is obtained by polycondensation of adipic acid and ethylene glycol as main raw materials, and produces carcinogens after high-temperature hydrolysis. Toluene diamine is therefore a safety risk.
3. Circulation use
After the food enters the circulation, environmental and external factors will pose a potential threat to its safety. As the last line of defense for food safety, packaging should play a role in resisting external influences. However, news of food deterioration during the warranty period has occurred frequently, and the quality of packaging in circulation has once again been put on the table.
For most foods, the main reason for deterioration is the reproduction of microorganisms, and suitable oxygen atmosphere, temperature and humidity, light and other factors will further accelerate the growth of microorganisms, thereby accelerating the deterioration of food. Temperature and humidity and light control are relatively simple, but the control of oxygen content in the package is difficult, depending on the oxygen barrier properties of the packaging material and the overall seal of the package. From the microscopic point of view, the penetration of gas molecules into packaging materials is carried out all the time. The packaging materials with poor oxygen barrier properties are difficult to inhibit the growth of microorganisms due to the difficulty in inhibiting the penetration of oxygen. From the macroscopic point of view, due to the packaging materials Insufficient impact resistance, mechanical properties or packaging and sealing processes can easily lead to leakage of the package under external force, which also leads to the proliferation of microorganisms and deterioration of food.
Supervision status of food packaging
It can be seen that the food safety problems caused by food packaging are complex and wide-ranging. In this regard, the state has formed a regulatory system that complies with regulatory standards and government regulation, and strengthens the safety control of food packaging in the process of improvement.
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