ã€Abstract】With the development of society, packaging consumes a large amount of resources. At the same time, the generated waste is increasingly harmful to the environment. It is imperative to establish a reasonable social system to recycle packaging waste in order to save energy, and to the health of the packaging industry. Development is of great significance.
ã€Keywords】 packaging waste, recycling, social system, environment
I. INTRODUCTION With the development of society and economy, the improvement of people’s living standards and the rapid growth of the tertiary industry, one-off consumption and high consumption are in the ascendant. As a result, more and more garbage is coming, and packaging waste accounts for the waste. The proportion is growing. According to estimates by the US EPA, the US produces 150 million tons of municipal waste each year, of which 1/3 is packaging waste; packaging waste in the European Community accounts for about 1/3 to 1/2 of the waste; At present, there are 146 million tons of domestic garbage produced each year in China, and the proportion of packaging waste in urban garbage accounts for 30% to 40%. Living pollution, which is dominated by household waste, poses a serious hazard to the environment.
The problems of packaging (especially plastic packaging) and the environment have received much attention in our country since the 1990s. In particular, “white pollution†seems to have become a well-known hot spot of public opinion. Packaging has made important contributions to accelerating economic development, promoting the circulation of goods, and improving people's lives. At the same time, it has also brought about white trash caused by the "crumb bottle" scattered throughout the earth, and it has become increasingly fierce. Plastic-based packaging wastes are small in density and bulky, while plastics are high-molecular polymers, and their natural degradation is poor (in a natural environment, it takes 200 years before they can be decomposed), so plastic packaging waste is accumulated year-by-year. It is amazing. If these waste plastics are not processed in time, they will cause very serious pollution. It not only damages the landscape of the city, but also destroys the water storage capacity of the soil, affects the growth of crops, and endangers the survival of aquatic animals. The metal products mainly consisting of two-piece and three-piece cans have been greatly increased in recent years, and consume a large amount of aluminum, iron and other resources. However, the recycling rate of metal cans in China is only 20%, and many Breguet's energy is wasted. Resources are limited, and humans that exploit and consume resources continue for generations. One day, the depletion of the earth's resources will become the greatest crisis in the development of human society.
In order to curb the rising trend of waste and seek sustainable development, we must seek countermeasures as soon as possible. Naturally, the establishment of a reasonable social system for the recycling of packaging waste has become one of the focuses of public attention in modern industrial social issues.
Second, the composition of the social system of packaging waste recycling 1. The national legislation packaging waste is a valuable renewable resources, the traditional packaging industry attaches great importance to the project investment of pre-packaged products, ignore the recycling industry after packaging, recycling As an example of two aluminum cans, remelting and smelting 1T aluminum saves 95% of energy compared to producing aluminum from bauxite; 35kg is recovered. From Table 1, it can be seen that the recycling of packaging waste into materials can greatly reduce energy consumption and reduce Pollution of water and air. With the rapid advancement of science and technology, a variety of process technologies and products have been developed for the utilization of waste. Mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, energy recycling, and other methods can turn waste into treasure, making wastes from plastic packaging waste that are difficult to handle. Very high value. According to accounting, the current market size of the global waste recycling industry is about 100 billion U.S. dollars, and by the end of this century, it is expected to reach 300 billion U.S. dollars. It is precisely because of the huge utilization value of packaging waste that it is faced with the ever-decreasing world resources and energy crisis. In the face of serious environmental pollution, in order to find sustainable development and protect the environment, governments of various countries have successively enacted legislation to encourage and support the comprehensive utilization of resources, to fully recover and rationally utilize solid wastes, and to increase investment and take a comprehensive approach to solid waste. Use the economic, technical policies and measures of the activity. The world recycles about 100 million tons of waste paper annually as papermaking raw materials. The world's recycling of waste paper is the United States, Japan, and Germany. The United States is the world’s largest exporter of waste paper. The annual recycling volume of waste carton packaging is up to more than 40 million tons, and only the waste paper recycling benefit reaches US$20 billion. As early as the early 1980s, 80% of the country’s packaging and used paper products had been recycled. Japan has become the world’s second-largest producer of paper because of the high rate of recycling of used paper. The world produces 5 billion metal cans each year, which consumes a large amount of aluminum, iron and other resources. The recovery rate of metal cans in the United States is now 80%, Germany is 85%, and Sweden is 90%. However, in China, there are only about 20%. China's economic losses caused by solid wastes polluting the environment are as high as more than 9 billion yuan, and the waste of solid waste resources that can be used but not used exceeds 25 billion yuan each year.
Table 1 Energy saving and environmental impacts when recycling waste paper, waste aluminum cans, and scrap iron cans into raw materials Paper aluminum iron energy saving ratio 70% to 75% 95 to 97% 65% reduction in air pollution 74%, 95%, 85% Water pollution reduction rate 35%, 97%, 75%
Germany is a country with relatively complete packaging legislation. Germany published the packaging method in 1994, and the waste paper method was published in 1994. These laws and decrees have very clear systemic thinking. It not only stipulates the technical requirements for the treatment of packaging waste, but also has many limitations on the processing technology requirements for the source of waste - the production and use of packaging materials. It is more important than environmental protection to protect the environment and protect people. Health and conservation of ecological balance are pursued as the highest goal. The “Packaging Law†expressly stipulates that the state will implement a “green workplace†snowball system, and stipulates that the company must collect and collect packaging materials in parallel to recycle, thereby reducing the total consumption of packaging materials by 8% to 10%. The focus of Germany's packaging waste materials and other waste disposal is the recycling of packaging plastics. It is estimated that about 505 of the environmental protection expenditure is spent on the research and development of waste treatment technologies. The success of Germany's packaging recycling and reuse is due to the implementation of the bottle filling system for reuse. , Compulsory use of secondary packaging and lightweight packaging materials.
Japan is the earliest country for packaging legislation. In 1970, the Japanese Diet promulgated the "Waste Disposal Act" to comprehensively and systematically specify the packaging wastes from the beginning of research to the manufacturing, discharge, recycling, recycling and other processes. What is advocated, what is restricted, and what is prohibited is very clear. In 1990, Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry established the “Recycling and Utilization Law.†After the implementation of the Act, Japanese households' discarded packaging containers will be collected by municipalities, cities, and villages, and then “specified businessesâ€, ie container packaging materials. Manufacturers and use take away, and try to recycle. By 1995, the recycling rate of empty metal cans reached 60%. The total recycling rate of Japan's rank tanks and aluminum cans rose to 68% in 1994 and more than 70% in 1995. The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries stipulates that packaging container manufacturers must achieve a 15% waste recycling rate.
European countries have stipulated in the packaging law that product manufacturers, Japanese businesses, and retailers must all take responsibility for packaging, recycling, and manufacturing. Nine states, including Michigan, took the lead in implementing the "mandatory deposit recovery system." In 1998, the recycling rate of packaging materials reached 80%. Currently, a deposit system of 0.5 francs per can and each beverage box is implemented to ensure recovery and recycling. The goal of German environmental law is that the treatment rate of metal and glass reaches 90%, and other packaging materials reach 80%. 80% of the 80% of other materials must be re-circulated, and 71% of Germany's packaging bottles have been recycled, basically reaching the German government's recyclability index.
2. Industry coordination and industrial coordination is a supplement to the country’s macro-control. In Japan, for the management of packaging waste, comprehensive planning and research are coordinated by eight industries, and the headquarters of some organizations are located in Tokyo. In 1973, the establishment of the “Cans Handling Countermeasures Association†in Japan played a significant role. It was established by 15 large companies such as Japanese steel pipe and Kawasaki Steel. There are also the Aluminum Can Recycling Association, the Old Paper Recycling Association, the Old Paper Recycling Promotion Center, the Japan Vinyl Resin Industry Association, the Expanded Polystyrene Recycling Resources Association, the EPS Product Recycling Committee, and the Plastic Recycling Processing Association. These agencies have a clear division of expertise and are usually chaired by experts. Apart from administrative coordination, they also have the ability to develop technologies and have authoritative qualifications in their respective business areas.
3. Enterprise implementation is a cell of economic activity. The recycling of packaging waste must be achieved through the production of the company. In Germany, after various products have completed the value of their goods, they must return to their place of birth for recycling and resource regeneration. Japan's recently promulgated "Product Liability Act" further strengthens this mechanism in legal form, forcing companies to take into account waste recycling and resource recycling while developing new products and packaging. Gradually, the “who produces and who is responsible for the situation. Some companies have not only become well-known packaging products, but also have become famous for the regeneration and reuse technology of packaging products and have won the approval of the society, forming the characteristics of the company. Among them, biomimetic plastics, waste paper recycling, waste Plastic recycling, waste plastic recycling, polyphenyl foam recycling, etc., are the most influential among Japanese companies, and it can be seen that some packaging companies in foreign countries have made the recycling of products as important as the products themselves. In order to increase the overall utilization rate of raw materials, companies should research and develop high-impedance permeable polymers such as PVa, PA, PET, and EVOH, and multilayer composite films, sheets, and packaging products with high airtight barrier layers. The paper prize enhancer and the structure of the corrugated board are improved so as to increase the strength of the packaging paper and achieve the purpose of packaging reduction, and to minimize the use of PVC, EPS and other small-sized, bulky, and wasteful recycling packaging products. Excessive packaging.
III. Operation of social system for recycling of packaging waste On the international environmental stage, Germany, as the protagonist of green packaging, has standardized production and product evaluation in line with the international environmental management system ISO4000, which has led to the realization of production, use, treatment, regeneration and utilization. Institutionalization, technicalization, and cleanliness ensure that the production-utilization of the recycling system completes the recycling and recycling of recycled packaging waste into energy, which is incorporated into the recycling economy system of packaging resources in Germany. And achieved remarkable results. In terms of recycling waste packaging waste, it is Germany and Japan that are at the forefront of the world. All of them have formed a relatively complete operating system for the recycling of packaging waste.
1. The largest category of waste paper in Germany is paper. According to the statistics of the German Packaging and Environmental Trade Association in 1990, the annual packaging volume was 5.4 million, and the total sales amounted to 15.5 billion marks, and the per capita annual consumption was 231 kg. In the year, 90% of waste paper recycling was for recycling. German waste paper recycling technology can almost eliminate all the pollution phenomena in the recycling process of waste paper. For example: In 1991, a German paper company adopted a new type of waste paper recycling equipment. The daily processing of fish reached 1000T. The quality of recycled paper is high, while the production water, energy consumption, and sulfide emissions are extremely low. This is an advanced waste. Paper recycling equipment, the general paper recycling limit can be recycled 8 times. In Japan, paper consumption was 1.677 million tons in 1994, and the recycling rate was ll7.7T and the reuse rate reached 70%. As paper mills solve the problem of the inability of the cartons to be reused, the recycled pulp containing the fibers used in the recycled packaging will now be shipped directly to the paper mill for the production of toilet paper. The recycled materials consume a lot of energy and are of low cost. Therefore, the production plants will receive considerable economic benefits from these recycling projects.
2. Nearly half of glass products made in Japan in 1990 were recycled glass bottles. There are 2 channels for recycle bottle recycling. One is: manufacturers - wholesalers - retailers - consumers. Such as milk bottles and Coke bottles is the use of this typical reflux method. The other one is recovered from various channels by waste product purchasers and returned to the bottle-making factory. The more successful recycling methods are: regularly collecting vat container methods, collection station methods, and collective transfer methods. Japanese glass bottles are changing to lightweight. The average weight of the bottle was 219g in 1991, dropped to 216g in 1994, and dropped to 208g again in 1995. This is the reason why the decrease in the number of glass bottles in 1995 (4.9%) was far less than the weight (9%). Many beverage companies have developed light and strong glass bottles to reduce packaging and shipping costs. German beverages such as beer, grapes, mineral water, soft drinks, alcohol, and baby foods are packed in glass bottles up to 90%, and glass reuse rate is 76%. In order to recycle glass materials, Germany has established 70,000 recycling units dedicated to glass.
ã€Keywords】 packaging waste, recycling, social system, environment
I. INTRODUCTION With the development of society and economy, the improvement of people’s living standards and the rapid growth of the tertiary industry, one-off consumption and high consumption are in the ascendant. As a result, more and more garbage is coming, and packaging waste accounts for the waste. The proportion is growing. According to estimates by the US EPA, the US produces 150 million tons of municipal waste each year, of which 1/3 is packaging waste; packaging waste in the European Community accounts for about 1/3 to 1/2 of the waste; At present, there are 146 million tons of domestic garbage produced each year in China, and the proportion of packaging waste in urban garbage accounts for 30% to 40%. Living pollution, which is dominated by household waste, poses a serious hazard to the environment.
The problems of packaging (especially plastic packaging) and the environment have received much attention in our country since the 1990s. In particular, “white pollution†seems to have become a well-known hot spot of public opinion. Packaging has made important contributions to accelerating economic development, promoting the circulation of goods, and improving people's lives. At the same time, it has also brought about white trash caused by the "crumb bottle" scattered throughout the earth, and it has become increasingly fierce. Plastic-based packaging wastes are small in density and bulky, while plastics are high-molecular polymers, and their natural degradation is poor (in a natural environment, it takes 200 years before they can be decomposed), so plastic packaging waste is accumulated year-by-year. It is amazing. If these waste plastics are not processed in time, they will cause very serious pollution. It not only damages the landscape of the city, but also destroys the water storage capacity of the soil, affects the growth of crops, and endangers the survival of aquatic animals. The metal products mainly consisting of two-piece and three-piece cans have been greatly increased in recent years, and consume a large amount of aluminum, iron and other resources. However, the recycling rate of metal cans in China is only 20%, and many Breguet's energy is wasted. Resources are limited, and humans that exploit and consume resources continue for generations. One day, the depletion of the earth's resources will become the greatest crisis in the development of human society.
In order to curb the rising trend of waste and seek sustainable development, we must seek countermeasures as soon as possible. Naturally, the establishment of a reasonable social system for the recycling of packaging waste has become one of the focuses of public attention in modern industrial social issues.
Second, the composition of the social system of packaging waste recycling 1. The national legislation packaging waste is a valuable renewable resources, the traditional packaging industry attaches great importance to the project investment of pre-packaged products, ignore the recycling industry after packaging, recycling As an example of two aluminum cans, remelting and smelting 1T aluminum saves 95% of energy compared to producing aluminum from bauxite; 35kg is recovered. From Table 1, it can be seen that the recycling of packaging waste into materials can greatly reduce energy consumption and reduce Pollution of water and air. With the rapid advancement of science and technology, a variety of process technologies and products have been developed for the utilization of waste. Mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, energy recycling, and other methods can turn waste into treasure, making wastes from plastic packaging waste that are difficult to handle. Very high value. According to accounting, the current market size of the global waste recycling industry is about 100 billion U.S. dollars, and by the end of this century, it is expected to reach 300 billion U.S. dollars. It is precisely because of the huge utilization value of packaging waste that it is faced with the ever-decreasing world resources and energy crisis. In the face of serious environmental pollution, in order to find sustainable development and protect the environment, governments of various countries have successively enacted legislation to encourage and support the comprehensive utilization of resources, to fully recover and rationally utilize solid wastes, and to increase investment and take a comprehensive approach to solid waste. Use the economic, technical policies and measures of the activity. The world recycles about 100 million tons of waste paper annually as papermaking raw materials. The world's recycling of waste paper is the United States, Japan, and Germany. The United States is the world’s largest exporter of waste paper. The annual recycling volume of waste carton packaging is up to more than 40 million tons, and only the waste paper recycling benefit reaches US$20 billion. As early as the early 1980s, 80% of the country’s packaging and used paper products had been recycled. Japan has become the world’s second-largest producer of paper because of the high rate of recycling of used paper. The world produces 5 billion metal cans each year, which consumes a large amount of aluminum, iron and other resources. The recovery rate of metal cans in the United States is now 80%, Germany is 85%, and Sweden is 90%. However, in China, there are only about 20%. China's economic losses caused by solid wastes polluting the environment are as high as more than 9 billion yuan, and the waste of solid waste resources that can be used but not used exceeds 25 billion yuan each year.
Table 1 Energy saving and environmental impacts when recycling waste paper, waste aluminum cans, and scrap iron cans into raw materials Paper aluminum iron energy saving ratio 70% to 75% 95 to 97% 65% reduction in air pollution 74%, 95%, 85% Water pollution reduction rate 35%, 97%, 75%
Germany is a country with relatively complete packaging legislation. Germany published the packaging method in 1994, and the waste paper method was published in 1994. These laws and decrees have very clear systemic thinking. It not only stipulates the technical requirements for the treatment of packaging waste, but also has many limitations on the processing technology requirements for the source of waste - the production and use of packaging materials. It is more important than environmental protection to protect the environment and protect people. Health and conservation of ecological balance are pursued as the highest goal. The “Packaging Law†expressly stipulates that the state will implement a “green workplace†snowball system, and stipulates that the company must collect and collect packaging materials in parallel to recycle, thereby reducing the total consumption of packaging materials by 8% to 10%. The focus of Germany's packaging waste materials and other waste disposal is the recycling of packaging plastics. It is estimated that about 505 of the environmental protection expenditure is spent on the research and development of waste treatment technologies. The success of Germany's packaging recycling and reuse is due to the implementation of the bottle filling system for reuse. , Compulsory use of secondary packaging and lightweight packaging materials.
Japan is the earliest country for packaging legislation. In 1970, the Japanese Diet promulgated the "Waste Disposal Act" to comprehensively and systematically specify the packaging wastes from the beginning of research to the manufacturing, discharge, recycling, recycling and other processes. What is advocated, what is restricted, and what is prohibited is very clear. In 1990, Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry established the “Recycling and Utilization Law.†After the implementation of the Act, Japanese households' discarded packaging containers will be collected by municipalities, cities, and villages, and then “specified businessesâ€, ie container packaging materials. Manufacturers and use take away, and try to recycle. By 1995, the recycling rate of empty metal cans reached 60%. The total recycling rate of Japan's rank tanks and aluminum cans rose to 68% in 1994 and more than 70% in 1995. The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries stipulates that packaging container manufacturers must achieve a 15% waste recycling rate.
European countries have stipulated in the packaging law that product manufacturers, Japanese businesses, and retailers must all take responsibility for packaging, recycling, and manufacturing. Nine states, including Michigan, took the lead in implementing the "mandatory deposit recovery system." In 1998, the recycling rate of packaging materials reached 80%. Currently, a deposit system of 0.5 francs per can and each beverage box is implemented to ensure recovery and recycling. The goal of German environmental law is that the treatment rate of metal and glass reaches 90%, and other packaging materials reach 80%. 80% of the 80% of other materials must be re-circulated, and 71% of Germany's packaging bottles have been recycled, basically reaching the German government's recyclability index.
2. Industry coordination and industrial coordination is a supplement to the country’s macro-control. In Japan, for the management of packaging waste, comprehensive planning and research are coordinated by eight industries, and the headquarters of some organizations are located in Tokyo. In 1973, the establishment of the “Cans Handling Countermeasures Association†in Japan played a significant role. It was established by 15 large companies such as Japanese steel pipe and Kawasaki Steel. There are also the Aluminum Can Recycling Association, the Old Paper Recycling Association, the Old Paper Recycling Promotion Center, the Japan Vinyl Resin Industry Association, the Expanded Polystyrene Recycling Resources Association, the EPS Product Recycling Committee, and the Plastic Recycling Processing Association. These agencies have a clear division of expertise and are usually chaired by experts. Apart from administrative coordination, they also have the ability to develop technologies and have authoritative qualifications in their respective business areas.
3. Enterprise implementation is a cell of economic activity. The recycling of packaging waste must be achieved through the production of the company. In Germany, after various products have completed the value of their goods, they must return to their place of birth for recycling and resource regeneration. Japan's recently promulgated "Product Liability Act" further strengthens this mechanism in legal form, forcing companies to take into account waste recycling and resource recycling while developing new products and packaging. Gradually, the “who produces and who is responsible for the situation. Some companies have not only become well-known packaging products, but also have become famous for the regeneration and reuse technology of packaging products and have won the approval of the society, forming the characteristics of the company. Among them, biomimetic plastics, waste paper recycling, waste Plastic recycling, waste plastic recycling, polyphenyl foam recycling, etc., are the most influential among Japanese companies, and it can be seen that some packaging companies in foreign countries have made the recycling of products as important as the products themselves. In order to increase the overall utilization rate of raw materials, companies should research and develop high-impedance permeable polymers such as PVa, PA, PET, and EVOH, and multilayer composite films, sheets, and packaging products with high airtight barrier layers. The paper prize enhancer and the structure of the corrugated board are improved so as to increase the strength of the packaging paper and achieve the purpose of packaging reduction, and to minimize the use of PVC, EPS and other small-sized, bulky, and wasteful recycling packaging products. Excessive packaging.
III. Operation of social system for recycling of packaging waste On the international environmental stage, Germany, as the protagonist of green packaging, has standardized production and product evaluation in line with the international environmental management system ISO4000, which has led to the realization of production, use, treatment, regeneration and utilization. Institutionalization, technicalization, and cleanliness ensure that the production-utilization of the recycling system completes the recycling and recycling of recycled packaging waste into energy, which is incorporated into the recycling economy system of packaging resources in Germany. And achieved remarkable results. In terms of recycling waste packaging waste, it is Germany and Japan that are at the forefront of the world. All of them have formed a relatively complete operating system for the recycling of packaging waste.
1. The largest category of waste paper in Germany is paper. According to the statistics of the German Packaging and Environmental Trade Association in 1990, the annual packaging volume was 5.4 million, and the total sales amounted to 15.5 billion marks, and the per capita annual consumption was 231 kg. In the year, 90% of waste paper recycling was for recycling. German waste paper recycling technology can almost eliminate all the pollution phenomena in the recycling process of waste paper. For example: In 1991, a German paper company adopted a new type of waste paper recycling equipment. The daily processing of fish reached 1000T. The quality of recycled paper is high, while the production water, energy consumption, and sulfide emissions are extremely low. This is an advanced waste. Paper recycling equipment, the general paper recycling limit can be recycled 8 times. In Japan, paper consumption was 1.677 million tons in 1994, and the recycling rate was ll7.7T and the reuse rate reached 70%. As paper mills solve the problem of the inability of the cartons to be reused, the recycled pulp containing the fibers used in the recycled packaging will now be shipped directly to the paper mill for the production of toilet paper. The recycled materials consume a lot of energy and are of low cost. Therefore, the production plants will receive considerable economic benefits from these recycling projects.
2. Nearly half of glass products made in Japan in 1990 were recycled glass bottles. There are 2 channels for recycle bottle recycling. One is: manufacturers - wholesalers - retailers - consumers. Such as milk bottles and Coke bottles is the use of this typical reflux method. The other one is recovered from various channels by waste product purchasers and returned to the bottle-making factory. The more successful recycling methods are: regularly collecting vat container methods, collection station methods, and collective transfer methods. Japanese glass bottles are changing to lightweight. The average weight of the bottle was 219g in 1991, dropped to 216g in 1994, and dropped to 208g again in 1995. This is the reason why the decrease in the number of glass bottles in 1995 (4.9%) was far less than the weight (9%). Many beverage companies have developed light and strong glass bottles to reduce packaging and shipping costs. German beverages such as beer, grapes, mineral water, soft drinks, alcohol, and baby foods are packed in glass bottles up to 90%, and glass reuse rate is 76%. In order to recycle glass materials, Germany has established 70,000 recycling units dedicated to glass.
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