With the rapid development of the world packaging industry, the impact of packaging on the world's environment and resources on the earth, and the responsibility of packaging for the sustainable development of society, etc., are very prominent in front of people. For a certain product, the packaging method, packaging material, and packaging technology to be adopted may have multiple choices. It is then very necessary to use an effective method or tool to judge the various candidate packaging forms in their production and use. Within the cycle, the impact on social resources and the ecological environment is relatively good and bad. The Life Cycle Analysis or Assessment (LCA) method, which began in the 1970s, is indeed an effective tool for the decision-making of a product's new packaging form or development plan. Experts and scholars in many fields such as environmental protection, chemical engineering, packaging, and food in developed countries are very active in the application research of LCA, and they have achieved a lot of results. This has brought about great economic harmonization to the country or region and adjustment of the industry and product structure. s help.
China's packaging industry currently has a certain scale, packaging design and production technology has also made great progress, but in the independent development of packaging technology, comprehensive assessment of product packaging forms and programs, the macro management of the packaging industry, the composition of the packaging industry structure The coordination and optimization and other aspects are far from the advanced level in foreign countries. The research and application of LCA method in China's state-owned packaging industry is still blank. Because of this, it is of great economic significance to promote and deepen the application of LCA in China.
First, the definition and application of LCA
Usually, people make decisions and judgments about a certain production activity or service system based on the understandable conditions and technical concepts that have been mastered, and then make local decision-making adjustments based on predictable consequences. The problem is that sometimes people's observations and experiences may not be comprehensive and long-term, so it is inevitable that they will make mistakes in decision-making.
The so-called Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) has a relatively uniform international opinion.
The definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is:
A method of aggregating and evaluating all inputs and outputs of a product or service system over its entire life cycle, and its impact and potential impact on the environment.
The International Association for the Environmental Chemistry of Chemicals (ISETAC) is defined as:
An objective method for assessing the burden on the environment of a product process or activity through the identification and quantification of energy, raw material consumption, and waste emissions.
The life cycle analysis of packaging products began in 1969-1970, and was first proposed by the Coca-Cola company's Hallidas. The first applied research project was the "Evaluation of Carton Milk Packaging" for Tetra Pak (Japan) in 1975. In 1985, Tetra Pak put forward an analysis report on the impact of two types of milk packaging on the resources and environment of Tetra Pak-boxes and glass bottles. Later, in 1992, a life cycle assessment was conducted on a total of seven packaging forms, including 250-1000ml aseptic cartons, polyester, steel cans, aluminum cans, and glass bottles, in various juice packaging formats. The specific analysis includes: weight ratio of the packaged product to the product, energy consumption during the production and circulation use cycle, water consumption within the cycle, and discharge of major pollutants during the cycle. The report is more than seven hundred pages long, which means that the research content is comprehensive and complex.
Second, the main work content and steps of LCA
(1) Define evaluation goals and scope (Goal & Scope)
The purpose of the LCA may be to formulate a policy or decree for the government, or to obtain an environmental certificate, or to adjust the strategic structure of the product and its packaging. The first thing to do is to identify the product or service system being evaluated and its capabilities (including the calculations required to achieve quantification and comparability). In order to avoid the evaluation system being too broad, the boundaries of the system should be determined. For example, the environmental issues contained in the LCA can generally follow the nine major problems identified by the 1989 Environmental Conference in Nairobi: (in order of severity) the greenhouse effect, ozone damage, drinking water pollution, marine pollution, reduction in forest area, and soil desertification Extinction of species, discharge of toxic waste, etc.
(2) Inventory Analysis (Inventory Analysis)
Any production or service system is usually composed of several processes. Take glass bottled milk as an example, it needs to go through the processes of quartz sand mining, smelting, bottle making, product canning, refrigeration, transportation, sales, and packaging recycling. Data inventory analysis refers to quantitative analysis of raw materials and energy consumption in all processes and emissions to the environment. The purpose is to comprehensively evaluate the burden on the environment of the packaging products throughout the life cycle. Of course, the successful completion of the data list analysis, retrieval, measurement, and collection of various activity data, as well as the rationality and accuracy of the data are key issues.
(3) Impact Analysis
The purpose of the analysis of environmental impact (impact) is to establish a corresponding relationship between the data collected in the previous round and a specific environmental issue that is involved in the LCA, and to score the different systems separately, so that the data is not comparable to the environment. Pollution emissions and other indicators are comparable.
(4) Interpretation
The results from the previous round of influence analysis were used to answer the questions raised in defining the evaluation goals and scope. This process of interpretation needs more inductive ability and judgmental ability that are derived from the researchers' sensibility and experience.
Third, the role of LCA
We often encounter such complicated questions that are difficult to answer simply:
* Is recycling glass energy-efficient?
* Is it better to use multiple reuse glass bottles for milk packaging containers or use sterile cartons?
* Is it good to use metal cans for beverages or glass bottles?
* Is it feasible to use paper for plastic packaging for certain (specific) products? Is it cost-effective?
* What kind of packaging is good for one time or can it be used multiple times?
* The LCA method is a powerful tool for researching and answering the above questions.
The main advantage of LCA lies in the comprehensiveness of its research content and the idea of ​​systematic analysis. It is obviously a revolutionary change from the past that some of the decisions in packaging technology tend to focus on individual issues (such as improving an operation or favoring an environmental issue).
The role of LCA can be reflected in the following aspects:
(1) Package Design
Multiple solutions for packaging design can be selected through LCA's comprehensive quantification approach, not only taking into account the positive impact of primary packaging (individual packaging), but also the secondary packaging (intermediate packaging) and even tertiary packaging (transport packaging). Resource consumption rate and environmental impact. It is not only necessary to consider the issue of one-time use, but also to consider the issue of repeated use, and even the economics of waste disposal and recycling.
(2) Production
If manufacturers need to change packaging materials and improve packaging production processes due to market trends or social pressure, it will inevitably lead to changes in energy consumption and waste emissions. Before making the final decision, it is necessary to apply the LCA method to comprehensively examine and evaluate the ultimate influence of changes in production factors on the environment and resources.
(3) Waste Management
For the recycling and re-use of certain packaging wastes, the analysis results of LCA should also be used to determine which recycling method is best, because waste recycling is actually a systematic industrial production process.
For another example, industrial developed countries popularize a “waste management and analysis system†and perform waste disposal in the following preferred order: A—reduced waste; B—reuse; C—recovery; D—incineration; E—landfill. Now with the LCA method, this habitual processing sequence is too simple, and the packaging for some specific products is not always correct.
(4) Economic Structure Management
This is a much broader macro area than packaging. The LCA method can provide scientific and reliable basis and background information for major decisions of government agencies.
China's packaging industry currently has a certain scale, packaging design and production technology has also made great progress, but in the independent development of packaging technology, comprehensive assessment of product packaging forms and programs, the macro management of the packaging industry, the composition of the packaging industry structure The coordination and optimization and other aspects are far from the advanced level in foreign countries. The research and application of LCA method in China's state-owned packaging industry is still blank. Because of this, it is of great economic significance to promote and deepen the application of LCA in China.
First, the definition and application of LCA
Usually, people make decisions and judgments about a certain production activity or service system based on the understandable conditions and technical concepts that have been mastered, and then make local decision-making adjustments based on predictable consequences. The problem is that sometimes people's observations and experiences may not be comprehensive and long-term, so it is inevitable that they will make mistakes in decision-making.
The so-called Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) has a relatively uniform international opinion.
The definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is:
A method of aggregating and evaluating all inputs and outputs of a product or service system over its entire life cycle, and its impact and potential impact on the environment.
The International Association for the Environmental Chemistry of Chemicals (ISETAC) is defined as:
An objective method for assessing the burden on the environment of a product process or activity through the identification and quantification of energy, raw material consumption, and waste emissions.
The life cycle analysis of packaging products began in 1969-1970, and was first proposed by the Coca-Cola company's Hallidas. The first applied research project was the "Evaluation of Carton Milk Packaging" for Tetra Pak (Japan) in 1975. In 1985, Tetra Pak put forward an analysis report on the impact of two types of milk packaging on the resources and environment of Tetra Pak-boxes and glass bottles. Later, in 1992, a life cycle assessment was conducted on a total of seven packaging forms, including 250-1000ml aseptic cartons, polyester, steel cans, aluminum cans, and glass bottles, in various juice packaging formats. The specific analysis includes: weight ratio of the packaged product to the product, energy consumption during the production and circulation use cycle, water consumption within the cycle, and discharge of major pollutants during the cycle. The report is more than seven hundred pages long, which means that the research content is comprehensive and complex.
Second, the main work content and steps of LCA
(1) Define evaluation goals and scope (Goal & Scope)
The purpose of the LCA may be to formulate a policy or decree for the government, or to obtain an environmental certificate, or to adjust the strategic structure of the product and its packaging. The first thing to do is to identify the product or service system being evaluated and its capabilities (including the calculations required to achieve quantification and comparability). In order to avoid the evaluation system being too broad, the boundaries of the system should be determined. For example, the environmental issues contained in the LCA can generally follow the nine major problems identified by the 1989 Environmental Conference in Nairobi: (in order of severity) the greenhouse effect, ozone damage, drinking water pollution, marine pollution, reduction in forest area, and soil desertification Extinction of species, discharge of toxic waste, etc.
(2) Inventory Analysis (Inventory Analysis)
Any production or service system is usually composed of several processes. Take glass bottled milk as an example, it needs to go through the processes of quartz sand mining, smelting, bottle making, product canning, refrigeration, transportation, sales, and packaging recycling. Data inventory analysis refers to quantitative analysis of raw materials and energy consumption in all processes and emissions to the environment. The purpose is to comprehensively evaluate the burden on the environment of the packaging products throughout the life cycle. Of course, the successful completion of the data list analysis, retrieval, measurement, and collection of various activity data, as well as the rationality and accuracy of the data are key issues.
(3) Impact Analysis
The purpose of the analysis of environmental impact (impact) is to establish a corresponding relationship between the data collected in the previous round and a specific environmental issue that is involved in the LCA, and to score the different systems separately, so that the data is not comparable to the environment. Pollution emissions and other indicators are comparable.
(4) Interpretation
The results from the previous round of influence analysis were used to answer the questions raised in defining the evaluation goals and scope. This process of interpretation needs more inductive ability and judgmental ability that are derived from the researchers' sensibility and experience.
Third, the role of LCA
We often encounter such complicated questions that are difficult to answer simply:
* Is recycling glass energy-efficient?
* Is it better to use multiple reuse glass bottles for milk packaging containers or use sterile cartons?
* Is it good to use metal cans for beverages or glass bottles?
* Is it feasible to use paper for plastic packaging for certain (specific) products? Is it cost-effective?
* What kind of packaging is good for one time or can it be used multiple times?
* The LCA method is a powerful tool for researching and answering the above questions.
The main advantage of LCA lies in the comprehensiveness of its research content and the idea of ​​systematic analysis. It is obviously a revolutionary change from the past that some of the decisions in packaging technology tend to focus on individual issues (such as improving an operation or favoring an environmental issue).
The role of LCA can be reflected in the following aspects:
(1) Package Design
Multiple solutions for packaging design can be selected through LCA's comprehensive quantification approach, not only taking into account the positive impact of primary packaging (individual packaging), but also the secondary packaging (intermediate packaging) and even tertiary packaging (transport packaging). Resource consumption rate and environmental impact. It is not only necessary to consider the issue of one-time use, but also to consider the issue of repeated use, and even the economics of waste disposal and recycling.
(2) Production
If manufacturers need to change packaging materials and improve packaging production processes due to market trends or social pressure, it will inevitably lead to changes in energy consumption and waste emissions. Before making the final decision, it is necessary to apply the LCA method to comprehensively examine and evaluate the ultimate influence of changes in production factors on the environment and resources.
(3) Waste Management
For the recycling and re-use of certain packaging wastes, the analysis results of LCA should also be used to determine which recycling method is best, because waste recycling is actually a systematic industrial production process.
For another example, industrial developed countries popularize a “waste management and analysis system†and perform waste disposal in the following preferred order: A—reduced waste; B—reuse; C—recovery; D—incineration; E—landfill. Now with the LCA method, this habitual processing sequence is too simple, and the packaging for some specific products is not always correct.
(4) Economic Structure Management
This is a much broader macro area than packaging. The LCA method can provide scientific and reliable basis and background information for major decisions of government agencies.
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