Mountaineering terms and nouns

hiking:
A type of sports. Athletes use hands or special equipment to climb the peaks or mountains of various terrains. It can be divided into several types such as * pyramid-type mountain climbing, alpine climbing and technical climbing. It began in the 1880s. On August 8, 1786, the French doctor Bakalo and the stonemason Balma first climbed up to Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps (4,807 meters above sea level). The following year, the young scientist De. The 19-man mountaineering team led by Saurer once again climbed Mont Blanc, and the world’s mountaineering began to prosper. Therefore, the first movement began in the Alps and was also called the "Alpine movement." From 1786 to 1865, the peaks of the Alps above 3,000-4,000 meters above sea level were successively climbed by mountain climbers. The history of international mountaineering called this the “golden age of the Alps”. Since the 1880s, mountain climbing techniques using various climbing tools and techniques have become increasingly popular. The area of ​​activity has also shifted from low alpine mountains to high Himalayan mountains. From 1950 to 1964, the world’s 14 peaks of more than 8,000 meters, including the highest peak of the world, Mount Everest, were successively conquered by mountaineers from more than a dozen countries including China, Britain, the United States, Italy, and Laos. In the history of mountaineering, this period was called "The Golden Age of the Himalayas." After 1964, many mountaineering "restricted areas" were broken and they entered a new era in which the never-used dangerous route climbed to a peak of 7,000-8,000 meters. In 1978, alpine climbing was done without oxygen in the high mountains of the Himalayas. This movement in China began in the 1950s. The first group of mountaineers appeared in 1955 and the first team was established in 1956. In 1960 and 1975, Everest climbed Mount Everest from the northeastern foothills. In 1975, a special metal mapping standard was erected on the top of Mount Everest. The height of the peak was accurately measured as 8,848,13 meters. It is the first accurate measurement of the highest peak in the world for the history of international mountaineering. In 1964, he climbed the last Shishabangma peak over 8,000 meters without any traces. In many mountaineering activities, mountaineers and scientific workers worked closely together and conducted a variety of mountain tours.

Alpine climbing:
A kind of mountaineering activity that does not rely on other people and is totally or mainly dependent on the climber's own strength to climb various peaks. It is named after the early activities of mountaineering in the Alps. After the 1920s, it was gradually replaced by pyramid-shaped mountain climbing. Since the 1970s, it has gradually recovered and developed. May 1978 Italian alpinist Rheinholt. Messner and Peter. For the first time, Haberel did not use oxygen to board Mount Everest. August 1980 Rhineholt. Messner once again climbed Mount Everest without oxygen from the 6400-meter-high camp, creating a new approach to the development of this form of mountaineering.

Pyramid-shaped mountain climbing: A mountain climbing activity that relies on a large number of hired personnel. Since the 1920s, the international mountaineering movement has benefited from its development, climbing heights have risen, and the weight and transportation of equipment and food have grown rapidly. The climbers themselves have been unable to complete the tasks required for the transportation of all necessary materials during the mountaineering process. Therefore, it requires a large number of local mountain residents to serve the team. The ratio of the number of climbers to the number of hired personnel is generally one to three, that is, one climber is equipped with three auxiliary personnel to form a pyramid-shaped stratification station, and a station is set aside as a "station type" transport and support line. This type of mountaineering activity has gradually lost its original significance. Since the middle of the 1970s, the International Mountaineering Organization has vigorously promoted *Alpine-style mountaineering activities to restore the significance and role of sport in mountaineering.

Technical Mountaineering:
A mountain climbing activity that specializes in climbing cliffs with skilled climbing techniques and various technical equipment. From the end of the 19th century to the early 1970s, the north-west routes of the world’s three most difficult alpine peaks (Mada Holon, Eger, and Gulant. Jórath) have been National climbers conquer. Since the 1980s, with the continuous improvement of various equipment used to climb steep cliffs, this type of mountaineering has drawn from the low mountain areas of Europe to high mountain areas in Asia.

protection:
Mountaineering terms. One of the safety measures. It is an important part of mountaineering technology. Mainly self-protection and mutual protection. The former refers to relying on their own protection measures to do their own protection. If you can rely on behind the protection of things (such as protruding rocks or playing rock cones) to fix their own ropes and so on. The latter refers to various protective measures that are carried out between players and players when climbing dangerously dangerous areas such as rocky areas or ice-breaking areas. The most basic methods are "vertical" and "sitting" two protection methods.

Peaking:
Mountaineering terms. Refers to the impact on the summit after climbing the mountain and getting ready for a series of summits such as adaptive training, transportation, and construction. Success or failure is mainly based on two factors: the physical and mental state of the person; the weather is good or bad. According to statistics from the 1950s, mountain climbing teams in various countries in the Himalaya alpine climbing activities suffered from poor weather due to poor weather, accounting for 68% of all failures.

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