The first section of the professional knowledge of the printing process Introduction The main key process of packaging and printing is the plain printing. The main problem with plain printing is that the quality of the product is unstable and there are good times. The root cause of this phenomenon lies in the management of the enterprise—standardization, data management, and the professionalism of technical managers, especially those who operate on offset presses. There are many skilled workers in Guangdong who have many years of practical operation experience. The key to their further improvement lies in systematically understanding and mastering the professional technical theories.
The problems faced by Guangdong's packaging and printing industry after its accession to the WTO are: Packaging design and print quality have reached first-rate international standards to meet the needs of the international market. Peers must be aware of people and have appropriate countermeasures to make the benefits of WTO entry on the industry better than harm.
In order to make the packaging and printing industry more adaptable to the severe challenges after its accession to the WTO, we will only give lectures on the causes and solutions to the main quality problems of the typographical processes, offset press structures, printing colors, and typographical products that were toured by printing companies in various parts of Guangdong in recent years. In accordance with the "practical, necessary, systematic, refined" principle, prepared as "lithographic technology managers and lithographic offset technology workers must-know professional knowledge 1-18", sub-periodical. Looking forward, we can help improve the professional quality of Guangdong Pingyin industry technical team.
First, the professional knowledge of the printing process, the method of coordinating the offset printing and the printing process
As the pre-press process has become more specialized, Guangdong Printing Factory, the main process for printing - offset - India. The printing process has a great influence on the quality of printed products, which often leads to conflicts with the next process. Effectively doing a good job in the data-based operation of the printing process is an urgent task for the provincial printing companies.
Second, the meaning of commonly used terms in India
Hierarchy - light illuminates the object, showing the form, color, light and shade. The object shows a continuous halo of dark to light or light to dark, and is expressed on the printed matter by the size of the dots to form a shade of gray. This shade of tone is called hierarchy.
Deep - refers to the process of network transfer, that is, the transfer from the positive image to the printing plate, or from the printing plate to the printed sheet, and the corresponding network is fully expanded.
Shallow—Ibid, the corresponding outlets are reduced.
Flat - Same as above, the corresponding outlets, small outlets expand, and the large outlets remain unchanged, so that the contrast of the picture adjustment is compressed.
å´ å´ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ , , , , , , ,. Loss of hierarchy.
Density - Exposure of the photosensitive film to black levels after development. The greater the density, the darker the black.
Contrast—refers to the difference between the maximum and minimum density of the picture.
Highlight - refers to the area where the printed sheet is 0î€1-1.
High-key – refers to the area of ​​the 1-3 screened area of ​​the print sheet.
Midtones—The area that guides the screen 4-6 into a halftone dot.
Low-key – refers to the area of ​​the printed image 7-9 screen.
Continuous tone - reflects the picture level by density.
Halftoning - The screen hierarchy is reflected by the outlets.
Third, the printing plate must be prepared on the test line, color standard, control bar 1. School Edition + word line: color overlay standard, the error should be in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 mm.
2. Drag the cross line: located in the middle point outside the tangent line, distinguish the bite and the tip, which is favorable for printing.
3. Bite mouth midline: Located in the middle of the mouth outside the tangent bite, distinguish between bite and tip, favorable loading.
4. Outer corner line: 3mm outside the tangent of the four corners of the printing plate, which is the basis for the corner size when the first color is calibrated, and is also the standard for setting the cutting position.
5. Inner corner: finished product specifications cutting line.
6. Color mark: located outside the tangent line on the side of the needle, consists of four blocks of yellow, red, blue and black. It is used to check the color leakage and needle position mark, which is conducive to align paper and beer cutting process.
7. Control strips: Control the quality of printed products. Placed outside the tangent line.
Fourth, the print job requirements for the printing plate 1. Cross line alignment, does not allow errors. Test with a magnifying glass. 
2. The size of both sides of the mouth is the same; the size of the mouth meets the printing machine requirements.
3. The blank part of the printing plate is free from dirt and has good hydrophilicity.
4. The graphic and textual parts have good ink absorption performance; the dots are strong and smooth; the text is clear, unambiguous, and free from the demarcation; the field is flat and firm and does not reveal the bottom line; the flat screen is even and smooth, with no unevenness.
5. Reproduces the tone of the shades of positive shades.
6. The detection line is complete. 
7.15 times the magnifying glass detection, 3% of the visible network, 5% of the network just spelled angle. 
Fifth, the factors affecting the print quality 1. PS version should be from the six major aspects, the quality of the PS version of the identification: sand water storage, the quality of the oxide layer, photosensitive layer quality, photographic performance, ink and hydrophilic properties.
From the perspective of the printing process, the PS version must have the following advantages:
The photoreceptor layer has high resolution, rich layers, smooth and solid dots, good ink absorption, good ink transfer performance, good repeatability, wear resistance of the oxide film, and good hydrophilic and oil-repellent properties.
Half-tone printing plates, printing rate should reach at least 50000 India.
2. Shaiban light source lighting source, to consider two factors:
The emitted spectrum is consistent with the PS version of the absorption spectrum. The emitted spectrum can pass through the glass.
In recent years, the most popular among the printing industry is the iodine lamp, which has a radiation spectrum between 350 and 450 μm. Matches the best spectral sensitivity required for the PS plate.
Generally about 3000W is appropriate, the wattage increases, and the exposure time is relatively shortened.
Note that the lamp distance adjustment complies with the specification.
3 exposure time length.
Generally controlled between 60 ~ 120s. (According to the use of media performance test shall prevail). Small outlets, low density, relatively short time. Fields, coarse nets, and yellow flakes are relatively long.
Control the exposure of the two expression methods: 1. The length of exposure. 2. How much light flux is input?
Luminous flux F reflects the amount of light energy passing through a certain area per unit time, and the unit is “lumensâ€.
Illuminance E, the physical quantity that reflects the degree of illumination of the surface of the object:
Illumination unit: lumens/meter 2, also known as lux.
Various PS versions have a continuously adjusted version of the scale that controls exposure.
Taking Huaguang as an example, the control scale of printing on the printing plate is: the first grade to the third grade of whitening; the fourth grade appears the photochemical reaction, and the density is blurred.
National professional standards, print with corresponding ladder feet:
Staircase density values ​​between 0.65 and 0.8 should be retained, with ink receptivity. Density value in the 0.35 area, removed, whitening without ink.
At this time, all the exposures of the printing plate are the standard and the optimal exposure.
4. Developer concentration, development time The developer is a weak alkaline solution. It should be controlled between PH10±2 (reference value).
The development time should be controlled between 60s and 100s. The speed is too fast, it is difficult to control, and the small points are volatile, affecting the layout of the text and oil. If the speed is too slow, it may lead to incomplete development, and the blank part may become contaminated. The temperature of the developer should be controlled within the range of 20 °C ± 2 °C. Pay attention to fatigue failure and timely rehydration.
5. The degree of vacuum in the drying frame within the drying frame shall reach 0.08 MPa.
6. The unrefined quality of the positive image and yellowing of the base will affect the quality of the printing.
7. Voltage instability The above factors affect the quality of the printing plate, which is solved in advance to ensure the quality of the printing plate and lay the foundation.
VI. Five Common Quality Problems and Solutions for Printing Plates 1. Causes for dirty parts of the layout blank:
(1) Insufficient exposure time
Insufficient exposure time, the photosensitive layer of the blank portion is not completely decomposed, and a small amount remains on the plate surface, having hydrophobic and lipophilic properties, resulting in dirtiness.
Should strictly follow the control bar (signal strip) information operation.
Each batch of plates is applied with a small strip for optimal exposure time testing and determination. Different plates, different layouts, different film bases, and exposure times must be different.
Exposure time determination principle: In the control strip (signal strip) feedback information on the premise of meeting the requirements, the amount of prolonged (about 20S) exposure time.
(2) Improper developer concentration, insufficient development time, developer failure, and insufficient developer temperature.
The above four conditions may result in failure to clean the photosensitive layer that has been decomposed by light, and the photosensitive layer of the blank portion may not be fully dissolved, resulting in a local dingy and requiring frequent washing of the plate.
Different plates, different developer concentration, different development time. According to the best data, adjust the process.
(3) The positive image has dirty spots, and the transparency of the base is not good, resulting in the photosensitive layer not being fully decomposed by light. Dirty points must be checked and cleared beforehand.
(4) Dirty spots and dirt on the dryer's glass. Carefully clean it with alcohol.
(5) PS plate thickness uneven. The extra thick part remains as a dirty spot.
(6) In the printing process room, strong light should be avoided.
(7) Improper sizing, leaking glue.
(8) Dirty, bluish green for two reasons: a. Underexposure or underdevelopment, can be removed in addition to dirty agent. b. If the dirt removal agent cannot be removed, it is due to the incomplete sealing of the PS plate.
The printing plate workshop should be kept clean. It is imperative to adhere to the workshop seal, change shoes, change clothing, and mop the floor sooner or later.
2. Graphical part of the poor performance of ink absorption image is not real, ink is gray and dull. Exposure or over development. When printing, the vacuum is not sufficient, the positive and the printing plate do not closely adhere, the tape is too close to the image, the machine glass is not clean, the PS plate is not clean, the picture is not clean, the high temperature, Huang Meitian, The gelatin is metamorphosed by fermentation and acid, and the PS plate is not properly preserved.
3. The darkness of the printing plate outlet darkened and the development was insufficient.
4. There is unevenness in the level of vacuum in the flat screen.
5. The printing plate is too impermeable to the developer. The development time is excessive. The reason why the printing plate is not resistant to printing is very complicated:
First of all, we should study the quality of the PS plate, analyze the quality of the plate and the effect of the wear resistance of the photosensitive layer. The impact of the offset printing process is even more complicated. The analysis will be conducted in the offset printing process and the cause of the failure.
VII. Using Control Strips to Ensure the Quality of Dried Printing Plates Example 1. Printing Control Strips Developed by China Institute of Printing Science:
Model:GY-S
Structure: Section E consists of 1% to 5% highlights. The next section consists of a test area consisting of μ lines.
Sun control pattern data: (relative basking)
2% of small points are reserved, and 50% of outlets are expanded by 2% to 3%.
6μ black line drying, 8μ black line retention.
Control printing data on the printing plate: (relatively sunning)
3% of small dots are reserved, and 50% of outlets are lightened by 3%-5%.
8μ black line drying, 11μ black line retention.
Example 2: Bruner test strip.
Stencil control section:
2% of small dots disappeared, 3% of small dots remained, and 50% of outlets shrank to 45% or unchanged.
Lines below 8μ disappear, lines 11μ or 13μ and above remain.
The above data are all reference values. Conditions vary widely, and data need to be tested in practice. According to the characteristics of the company, find the best data.
VIII. According to the evidence, insisting on the use of testing instruments is the fundamental method for determining the quality of printing plates. Some printing factories, printing and offset printing processes often cause contradictions due to the quality problems of printing plates. The method of coordination and solution is:
Shaiban process, must be strictly in accordance with the procedures, data manipulation, control strips (signals, test strips) to reflect the data, the data measured by the density meter, to explain the quality of the plate. (Guangdong Printing Technology School)
The problems faced by Guangdong's packaging and printing industry after its accession to the WTO are: Packaging design and print quality have reached first-rate international standards to meet the needs of the international market. Peers must be aware of people and have appropriate countermeasures to make the benefits of WTO entry on the industry better than harm.
In order to make the packaging and printing industry more adaptable to the severe challenges after its accession to the WTO, we will only give lectures on the causes and solutions to the main quality problems of the typographical processes, offset press structures, printing colors, and typographical products that were toured by printing companies in various parts of Guangdong in recent years. In accordance with the "practical, necessary, systematic, refined" principle, prepared as "lithographic technology managers and lithographic offset technology workers must-know professional knowledge 1-18", sub-periodical. Looking forward, we can help improve the professional quality of Guangdong Pingyin industry technical team.
First, the professional knowledge of the printing process, the method of coordinating the offset printing and the printing process
As the pre-press process has become more specialized, Guangdong Printing Factory, the main process for printing - offset - India. The printing process has a great influence on the quality of printed products, which often leads to conflicts with the next process. Effectively doing a good job in the data-based operation of the printing process is an urgent task for the provincial printing companies.
Second, the meaning of commonly used terms in India
Hierarchy - light illuminates the object, showing the form, color, light and shade. The object shows a continuous halo of dark to light or light to dark, and is expressed on the printed matter by the size of the dots to form a shade of gray. This shade of tone is called hierarchy.
Deep - refers to the process of network transfer, that is, the transfer from the positive image to the printing plate, or from the printing plate to the printed sheet, and the corresponding network is fully expanded.
Shallow—Ibid, the corresponding outlets are reduced.
Flat - Same as above, the corresponding outlets, small outlets expand, and the large outlets remain unchanged, so that the contrast of the picture adjustment is compressed.
å´ å´ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ åŒ , , , , , , ,. Loss of hierarchy.
Density - Exposure of the photosensitive film to black levels after development. The greater the density, the darker the black.
Contrast—refers to the difference between the maximum and minimum density of the picture.
Highlight - refers to the area where the printed sheet is 0î€1-1.
High-key – refers to the area of ​​the 1-3 screened area of ​​the print sheet.
Midtones—The area that guides the screen 4-6 into a halftone dot.
Low-key – refers to the area of ​​the printed image 7-9 screen.
Continuous tone - reflects the picture level by density.
Halftoning - The screen hierarchy is reflected by the outlets.
Third, the printing plate must be prepared on the test line, color standard, control bar 1. School Edition + word line: color overlay standard, the error should be in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 mm.
2. Drag the cross line: located in the middle point outside the tangent line, distinguish the bite and the tip, which is favorable for printing.
3. Bite mouth midline: Located in the middle of the mouth outside the tangent bite, distinguish between bite and tip, favorable loading.
4. Outer corner line: 3mm outside the tangent of the four corners of the printing plate, which is the basis for the corner size when the first color is calibrated, and is also the standard for setting the cutting position.
5. Inner corner: finished product specifications cutting line.
6. Color mark: located outside the tangent line on the side of the needle, consists of four blocks of yellow, red, blue and black. It is used to check the color leakage and needle position mark, which is conducive to align paper and beer cutting process.
7. Control strips: Control the quality of printed products. Placed outside the tangent line.
Fourth, the print job requirements for the printing plate 1. Cross line alignment, does not allow errors. Test with a magnifying glass. 
2. The size of both sides of the mouth is the same; the size of the mouth meets the printing machine requirements.
3. The blank part of the printing plate is free from dirt and has good hydrophilicity.
4. The graphic and textual parts have good ink absorption performance; the dots are strong and smooth; the text is clear, unambiguous, and free from the demarcation; the field is flat and firm and does not reveal the bottom line; the flat screen is even and smooth, with no unevenness.
5. Reproduces the tone of the shades of positive shades.
6. The detection line is complete. 
7.15 times the magnifying glass detection, 3% of the visible network, 5% of the network just spelled angle. 
Fifth, the factors affecting the print quality 1. PS version should be from the six major aspects, the quality of the PS version of the identification: sand water storage, the quality of the oxide layer, photosensitive layer quality, photographic performance, ink and hydrophilic properties.
From the perspective of the printing process, the PS version must have the following advantages:
The photoreceptor layer has high resolution, rich layers, smooth and solid dots, good ink absorption, good ink transfer performance, good repeatability, wear resistance of the oxide film, and good hydrophilic and oil-repellent properties.
Half-tone printing plates, printing rate should reach at least 50000 India.
2. Shaiban light source lighting source, to consider two factors:
The emitted spectrum is consistent with the PS version of the absorption spectrum. The emitted spectrum can pass through the glass.
In recent years, the most popular among the printing industry is the iodine lamp, which has a radiation spectrum between 350 and 450 μm. Matches the best spectral sensitivity required for the PS plate.
Generally about 3000W is appropriate, the wattage increases, and the exposure time is relatively shortened.
Note that the lamp distance adjustment complies with the specification.
3 exposure time length.
Generally controlled between 60 ~ 120s. (According to the use of media performance test shall prevail). Small outlets, low density, relatively short time. Fields, coarse nets, and yellow flakes are relatively long.
Control the exposure of the two expression methods: 1. The length of exposure. 2. How much light flux is input?
Luminous flux F reflects the amount of light energy passing through a certain area per unit time, and the unit is “lumensâ€.
Illuminance E, the physical quantity that reflects the degree of illumination of the surface of the object:
Illumination unit: lumens/meter 2, also known as lux.
Various PS versions have a continuously adjusted version of the scale that controls exposure.
Taking Huaguang as an example, the control scale of printing on the printing plate is: the first grade to the third grade of whitening; the fourth grade appears the photochemical reaction, and the density is blurred.
National professional standards, print with corresponding ladder feet:
Staircase density values ​​between 0.65 and 0.8 should be retained, with ink receptivity. Density value in the 0.35 area, removed, whitening without ink.
At this time, all the exposures of the printing plate are the standard and the optimal exposure.
4. Developer concentration, development time The developer is a weak alkaline solution. It should be controlled between PH10±2 (reference value).
The development time should be controlled between 60s and 100s. The speed is too fast, it is difficult to control, and the small points are volatile, affecting the layout of the text and oil. If the speed is too slow, it may lead to incomplete development, and the blank part may become contaminated. The temperature of the developer should be controlled within the range of 20 °C ± 2 °C. Pay attention to fatigue failure and timely rehydration.
5. The degree of vacuum in the drying frame within the drying frame shall reach 0.08 MPa.
6. The unrefined quality of the positive image and yellowing of the base will affect the quality of the printing.
7. Voltage instability The above factors affect the quality of the printing plate, which is solved in advance to ensure the quality of the printing plate and lay the foundation.
VI. Five Common Quality Problems and Solutions for Printing Plates 1. Causes for dirty parts of the layout blank:
(1) Insufficient exposure time
Insufficient exposure time, the photosensitive layer of the blank portion is not completely decomposed, and a small amount remains on the plate surface, having hydrophobic and lipophilic properties, resulting in dirtiness.
Should strictly follow the control bar (signal strip) information operation.
Each batch of plates is applied with a small strip for optimal exposure time testing and determination. Different plates, different layouts, different film bases, and exposure times must be different.
Exposure time determination principle: In the control strip (signal strip) feedback information on the premise of meeting the requirements, the amount of prolonged (about 20S) exposure time.
(2) Improper developer concentration, insufficient development time, developer failure, and insufficient developer temperature.
The above four conditions may result in failure to clean the photosensitive layer that has been decomposed by light, and the photosensitive layer of the blank portion may not be fully dissolved, resulting in a local dingy and requiring frequent washing of the plate.
Different plates, different developer concentration, different development time. According to the best data, adjust the process.
(3) The positive image has dirty spots, and the transparency of the base is not good, resulting in the photosensitive layer not being fully decomposed by light. Dirty points must be checked and cleared beforehand.
(4) Dirty spots and dirt on the dryer's glass. Carefully clean it with alcohol.
(5) PS plate thickness uneven. The extra thick part remains as a dirty spot.
(6) In the printing process room, strong light should be avoided.
(7) Improper sizing, leaking glue.
(8) Dirty, bluish green for two reasons: a. Underexposure or underdevelopment, can be removed in addition to dirty agent. b. If the dirt removal agent cannot be removed, it is due to the incomplete sealing of the PS plate.
The printing plate workshop should be kept clean. It is imperative to adhere to the workshop seal, change shoes, change clothing, and mop the floor sooner or later.
2. Graphical part of the poor performance of ink absorption image is not real, ink is gray and dull. Exposure or over development. When printing, the vacuum is not sufficient, the positive and the printing plate do not closely adhere, the tape is too close to the image, the machine glass is not clean, the PS plate is not clean, the picture is not clean, the high temperature, Huang Meitian, The gelatin is metamorphosed by fermentation and acid, and the PS plate is not properly preserved.
3. The darkness of the printing plate outlet darkened and the development was insufficient.
4. There is unevenness in the level of vacuum in the flat screen.
5. The printing plate is too impermeable to the developer. The development time is excessive. The reason why the printing plate is not resistant to printing is very complicated:
First of all, we should study the quality of the PS plate, analyze the quality of the plate and the effect of the wear resistance of the photosensitive layer. The impact of the offset printing process is even more complicated. The analysis will be conducted in the offset printing process and the cause of the failure.
VII. Using Control Strips to Ensure the Quality of Dried Printing Plates Example 1. Printing Control Strips Developed by China Institute of Printing Science:
Model:GY-S
Structure: Section E consists of 1% to 5% highlights. The next section consists of a test area consisting of μ lines.
Sun control pattern data: (relative basking)
2% of small points are reserved, and 50% of outlets are expanded by 2% to 3%.
6μ black line drying, 8μ black line retention.
Control printing data on the printing plate: (relatively sunning)
3% of small dots are reserved, and 50% of outlets are lightened by 3%-5%.
8μ black line drying, 11μ black line retention.
Example 2: Bruner test strip.
Stencil control section:
2% of small dots disappeared, 3% of small dots remained, and 50% of outlets shrank to 45% or unchanged.
Lines below 8μ disappear, lines 11μ or 13μ and above remain.
The above data are all reference values. Conditions vary widely, and data need to be tested in practice. According to the characteristics of the company, find the best data.
VIII. According to the evidence, insisting on the use of testing instruments is the fundamental method for determining the quality of printing plates. Some printing factories, printing and offset printing processes often cause contradictions due to the quality problems of printing plates. The method of coordination and solution is:
Shaiban process, must be strictly in accordance with the procedures, data manipulation, control strips (signals, test strips) to reflect the data, the data measured by the density meter, to explain the quality of the plate. (Guangdong Printing Technology School)
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Grips can be made of materials like stainless steel, plastic, aluminium, silicon, etc. Tattoo grips are used in together with
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