Electric conductivity is a measure of the strength of a material's ability to conduct current. When a voltage is applied across the conductor, its charge carriers will behave in a certain direction, thus generating a current. Conductivity is defined by Ohm's law as the ratio of current density to electric field strength: some materials have an anisotropic conductivity and must be expressed in a 3 X 3 matrix (using mathematical terms, second order tensors, usually Is symmetrical). Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity. The unit in the International System of Units is Siemens/S (m·m-1): An electrical conductivity meter is an instrument used to measure the conductivity of a solution.
Influencing factor
(1) Temperature: Conductivity has a great correlation with temperature. The electrical conductivity of a metal decreases as the temperature increases. The conductivity of a semiconductor increases as the temperature increases. In a temperature range, the conductivity can be approximated to be proportional to temperature. In order to compare the conductivity of a substance at different temperature conditions, a common reference temperature must be set. The dependence of conductivity on temperature can often be expressed as the slope of the conductivity versus the upper temperature profile.
(2) Degree of doping: The degree of doping of a solid semiconductor causes a large change in electrical conductivity. Increasing the doping level results in high conductivity. The conductivity of an aqueous solution depends on the concentration of the solute salt contained therein or other chemical impurities that decompose into electrolytes. The conductivity of a water sample is an important indicator for measuring the salt content, ion-containing components, impurity-containing components, and the like of water. The purer the water, the lower the conductivity (the higher the resistivity). The conductivity of water is often recorded as a conductance coefficient; the conductance is the conductivity of water at a temperature of 25 °C.
(3) Anisotropy: Some substances have an anisotropic conductivity that must be expressed in a 3 X 3 matrix (using mathematical terms, second order tensors, usually symmetrical).
The measurement of conductivity is usually the conductivity measurement of the solution. The resistivity of a solid conductor can be measured by Ohm's law and the law of resistance. The conductivity of the electrolyte solution is generally measured by an alternating current signal applied to the two electrode plates of the conductivity cell, and the conductivity σ is obtained from the measured cell constant K and the conductance G between the two electrode plates.
The first to be used in conductivity measurement is the AC bridge method, which directly measures the conductance value. The most commonly used instruments are provided with a constant regulator, a temperature coefficient regulator and an automatic temperature compensator. The primary meter is composed of a conductivity cell and a temperature sensor, which can directly measure the conductivity of the electrolyte solution.
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